Aug 1978

August-November 1978 Price Rs. 3.50 WHAT ___ '9 d 1 ARE II&. . .... • - f * k"' w MADE OF?! I AUGUST-NOVEMBER 1978 VOL. 2 NO. 7 3 5 6 EDITOR'S COLUMN READERS' FORUM EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE BILL 13 WHAT ARE ENTREPRENEURS MADE OF? Dr. John L. Komives 19 THE UNMAKING OF ENTREPRENEURS S. M. Mistry 27 THE ICE CREAM STORY WORLD CONGRESS PAPERS: THE BOOK REVIEWS VEHEMEMT VIRTUOSO 30 35 40 43 lESTHOOD \ Parsiana cover by Manjuia Padmanabhan EDITOR Jehangir R. Patel Parsiana is published and printed by Jehangir R. Patel at Tata Press, 414 Veer MANAGING EDITOR R. P. Thanavala Savarkar Marg, Bombay 400 025. All . rights reserved. Address all editorial and EXECUTIVE EDITOR Veera H. Parbhu business correspondence to Parsiana T'iccTr-xTcn • n i G.P.O. Box 892, Bombay 400001. DESIGNER Mmi Boatwala . ... , . . . Annual mland subscription : Rs 20 for ART ASSISTANT Ketayun Wankadia one year, (12 issues); Rs 36 for two years, (24 issues). Foreign subscription ADVERTISING Feroza Chavda and rates: Seamail Rs 36 one year, Rs 66 Mahakhurshid Byramjee two years; Airmail Rs 80 one year, Rs 150 two years. Dr Rustem Colah and p ^.s. personal cheques add $ 1.50 to Zann Billimona bank charges. CIRCULATION Shirin Bahadurji and For Indian upcountry cheques add Rs 2 M. R. Ambujakshan Nair for bank charges. Cheques and drafts are to be drawn in favour of Parsiana. Single copy price Rs 3.50 and 50p. All rates subject to change in postal rates. M. R. Ambujakshan Nair OFFICE Mathew M. George and S. Premkumarf I i i Editor s Column tread; they are straightforward and acquire them but starts a business can outspoken, though not always so in end up becoming an insolvent. (This business matters, and their manner of is what happened to us in Parsiana. dress, more often than not, traditional It could happen to you!). Parsi. They build fire temples, hospitals As Dr, Fredie Mehta, a reputed and schools and help people establish economist and director of Tatas themselves in life. They live well and noted at the Third World Zoroastrian when they die, the sethia legacy dies Congress that parents have to inculcate with them. entrepreneurial traits and the work After the sethias, comes the Warrior, ethic in their off-spring from a young or Mara-nwri caste. Currently this class age. What makes for entrepreneurship includes individuals like the trustees of is a subject we have tried to tackle the panchayats, journalists, lawyers and in this issue, scholars (there are a few women Warriors). A detailed study of this With this issue, Parsiana begins group is not available but one tell-tale printing at Tata Press. We offer our characteristic is a quickness to take thanks to the management for the <11 offence. Any remark can be taken as interest they have taken in Parsiana , a slur, the ensuing'battle succeeding which due to its limited growth several generations. Financially the potential, cannot offer the same returns warriors are medium to well-off and as larger publications, usually save their money for one great court case or libellous leaflets. They to thank the directors, especially believe that every generation must have Mr. Sushil Somani, the management its small wars. and staff of G. Claridge & Co. for the The people who serve and rally kind and generous assistance they People often ask if the Parsees have around the warriors are referred to as have rendered us over the last five a caste system and most often the the Haandas. The haandas (vessels) and a half years. Ever mindful of our answer is no. But after having made comprise numerically the largest caste limitations, th^ extended their support a deep sociological study of the com- in the community, though exact figures and co-operation at a time when it munity, our researcher’s main quaii- are not available. The leaders of the was sorely needed and kept their rates fication being a college freshman course haandas are called Huonda-Masters uneconomically low. on the subject, we have come to the and they in turn owe their allegiance conclusion there is a very definite to the Warrior class. While some caste structure in the community. We HoanJa-Masters aspire to the warrior present below some of our findings caste, they find it difficult to do so, the B As Dr, Fredie Mehta, a reputed We also take this opportunity and staff of G. Claridge & Co. for the haanda traits being so much a part of the person’s character that some con­ sider it to be genetic (whether inter- the athornans, the priestly class and the marriages would weaken the haanda which were originally published in the Jehangimamah, volume IV, chapter 20. Firstly there are two main divisions, behdins, the lay people (Ratan Singara, characteristics is not known, but cer- copywriter in Everest Advertis- tainly a formal education is no help; (has put forward the hypothesis it has created instead a sub-category __ Esther Williams is a Parsee be- ' ‘ cause she could be referred to as a Behdin Beauty). The behdins are divid- 11 referred to as Educated Haandas.) Behdin Beauty). The behdins are divid- Speaking of classes, there is one group ed into several subcastes at the head whose reportedly diminishing numbers of which are the Sethias. The sethias are a dying species and is a cause of concern: the entrepre­ neurs. In every forum after speakers aside from the Editor 'of "Parsiana and have rend their hearts on the frequency a few others, are almost non-existent. They are the men, (there are no women _ . sethias). who through dint of hard work, youth, the subject turns to the abseiux shrewd business acumen and some luck of businessmen and industrialists in attain positions of privilege and power, the conununity. It is believed that if Their wealth and interest in political Parsis took to business they would prosper, money would flow in and new agiaries and bangs would be built (each in their wake creating new problems for future generations). What many of the speakers do not realize is that entrepreneurs are not made by simply wishing them to be so. A person who does not possess entrepreneurial traits nor manages to of intermarriage, declining values, increasing prices and today’s shiftless Warden is good For sandalwood Head Office 378 Grant Road Bombay 400 007 and Branches Tel. 371464 Quality sandalwood Aggarbatties. gum benzoin (loban) and other Perfumes I A-4 and social activities makes them res­ pected in a community where the commercially successful individual rates second only to God. The sethias have their faults: one usually pictures thdm as strong willed individuals with quick tempers, ambi­ tious and often ruthless. But they pos­ sess style, walk where others fear to individual 31 READERS' FORUM ij I I i ¦ I k I, i j i 1 I the persecution of the Zoroastrians. The elder sister elected to marry the f German captain and went away with „„aiv wxm mitu, uouc auu ™Pirojai charity. In the past, we’have been lyae u..., u.. u — —I. succcssful duc to hard work, an udvcn- kusband. ui * «7 11 taken to Bhikha-Behram s favours from our respective rulers and *; well to sit quietly watching, though not the least, because of the absence herself unseen, the eligible Zoroastrian of competition from sister commu- swells. who congregated there, of an ; evening. Her choice fell on “Rustom General . who w^ a sta^art. gtwd- ux^io lavuiu^. lookmg m^ of 55 years. Her relations Except in the case of the old and in- were horrified, because she was only firm, indiscriminate doles by the 15 summers old. They tried their best trusts, have contributed greatlv to the to dissuade her. but she was q_:„ adamant. Only him she’d marry, and none other. they sent a proposal, which was accepted and Pirojai became a bride, spending many happy years with the man of her choice, because Rustomji lived to a ripe old age of 89. MS PERIN M. R. B. JEEJEEBHOY Equality Before Death Recently, at a funeral in. Calcutta ’s Ravangah, after prayers were over, the The Parsee hat is such an ordinary body of the deceased, while being object in a Bombay crowd that we are taken to the hearse, was placed for a locally too apt to imagine that the while on the verandah outside the Parsees themselves are plentifully Ravangah hall for non-Parsis who sprinkled through all the towns and wished to pay their last respects. But cities of India. This, however, is cer- the body was covered under a shroud tainly not the case, and in any town Readers ’ views are welcome on any since custom forbids those of other in India out of the Bombay Presidency, subject of interest to the community faiths from viewing the face of the the followers of Zoroaster are quite as and should be sent to the Editor, deceased. uncommon as in London itself, where Readers ’ Porum, Parsiana, G.P.O. Box Parsis are making fools of our- the members of the little Parsee colony 892, Bombay 400 001. Letters are sub- selves and the earlier such a degrading at Highbury daily attract the a dmiring ject to editing for reasons of space and practice is done away with, the better glances of all true Cockneys. Still the clarity. for the community. Par^ character is notoriously enter­ prising, and wherever money is to be “ from Lombard Street to Hongkong, the Parsees come to the ¦< « : ; ’ •' ’ • r ....................................... 1 H • I' * I s ,!<>fit * » ivavjLug uu uiUA;, wiuie Kirojai ’‘J*was brought to Bombay by her rela- it in the forefront of all activities. Our religion teadies us to be always active, to work with faith, hope and successful due to hard work, an adven­ turous and broad vision, receiving of « ••»-.. > . t. . A *•« It ** iLt' if >* liBii nities. Times have changed. Competition is severe. We no more receive favours. Rus V trusts, have contributed greatly to the quite deteriorating economic condition of the community. The easy availability of doles has snapped the vitality of the recipients. They have forgotten the motto “Self-help is the best Help.” DINSHAW B. IRAN Mr. Irani expired recently in Bombay. doles has snapped ±e vitality of the recipients. They have forgotten the A Hundred Years Ago T. G. KATRAK 1 Calcutta made. Empioyment Guidance Too many youths graduate without specialization or career planning. With the growth of the public sector with its concomittant written and oral examinations, the opportunities of em- —ST" ------- ployment are keenly contested—only ^e Honble Mr. DosaWioy Framjee at those who have a degree can hope to • ® G*rgaum Pohce Court, with assault ­ land jobs. 1 rn* , .----- .------ Also the centres of employment are not restricted to cities like ^mbay. Cu^jee Sooklajee Street. It appears Places such as Nasik, Udhna. Chinch- 5®*night of the day previous, wad and Aurangabad are now growth . passing along the centres. The sooner our youths realize these fundamental changes in the pattern of employment, the better it would be for their future. front. Times of India 21-9-1978 A Parsee named Maneckjee Aspan- diarjee was yest^ay diarged before ” .... ...—_____;----- 1 the Girgaum Police Court, with assault ­ ing a European woman named Dina .Justom General I read with great interest a letter by Jamshed K. Pavri of Vancouver, (Parsiana March 1978) Canada, about Rustomji Dorabjee Patel titled “What’s Cooking?” My grandmother Soonabai had an interesting story about her Great Grandfather the above Rustomji, who she used to fondly refer to as “Rustom General”, because it was believed that _ _ Th^, a stronghold of the community ihese fundamental chanties in the otherwise annoyed her. Slfe came m those days, to B^t against pirates, pattern of emplmm^ better it **’*“ verandah of her house «*o attacked the Portugese Fort at JSd be teXftfmu ’re defendant, whereupon he ij , , E CHINOY Upon the evidence She told us of how Rustomji hap- ' adduced, the defendant was convicted pened to marry his young wife, Pirojai, Economy Rrst and toed Rs. 25, or in default to under- who along with her elder sister, had It is high time our small community go rigorous imprisonment for fourteen been sent from Iran to Surat, in care of gave importance to the problem of the days. a German ship’s captain because of economy of the community and place Times of India 14-8-1978 that on the night of the day previous. E. CHINOY f 5Events and Personalities earned Ervad Peshotan Peer, a docto- one-fourth of the approximately 400 —- eligible voters. Golwallas opponent. Pirct Zoroastiian? earned Ervad Pestootan Feer, a aocio- orie-iourui vuc Shudrair'an7 T kS Sve'^bLn sFty ^T^nthTky^'f D^Pesto'SrWarden?'^^ ss? ¦ ;.iS X's;-;:; kSLo Matsushima from Kyoto, which according to the noted German received two votes. But aside from &L^"Ss °'.h“nS ^^Sieson“ub “e^^co„Se?wi«S . GujeJ U k-u ™ov;na thp nSSntation are of a very miscellaneous character, candidature was to ensure there was “instructed me to five the Fife of good intended to furnish an outline of toe an election and to highlight toe imper- insiruciea me uvc luc uiv ml g ,, ipoe-nds and moralitv of the fections m the system. As the 189 11 thoughts, good words and good dee . ailThe Register voters owe their allegiance to iKuiR «ic plm^lllllvlml. are of a very miscellaneous character, to five the life of good intended to furnish an outline of toe ------ - - ------ .. _ to uve me me g legends and moraUty of the fections m the system. As the 189 E religion with which they deal.” The Register voters owe their allegiance to Mino Kherd which means ‘Opinions BPP President B. K. Boman-Behram of the Spirit of Wisdom’, was translated and BPP Trustee Nehe Noble no one into Farsi from an earlier Pazand- can become a trustee without their Sanskrit version 300 years ago by support. As both reportedly favoured Dastur Hormazyar and his son, Darab. Golwalla. he was assured a second A scholar of Farsi, Avesta and 10-year term. Pahlavi, Peer studied for his doctorate under the guidance of C—-- Dr. Hormazdyar Mirza. Bom in Navsari, Peer lost his father at toe age . - . . . of 14 and family circumstances required Md^rvanjee has made him to give up I----------- - -------. and start practising as a priest. As time years permitted Peer continued to r^’"’y receiving a diploma from The Sir J. J. i Madressa after six years of studymg Fire Oiid. On SeP^mb^r Avft'>as:>Mw*'>‘.'*'.v>kVA'.'.*.*>’>v>i^VjMi:>'' ““ members . his schooling, you find an incredible to look at it three times and waiK entrepreneurs. V bcideX of 65 per cent who w^e around two fost Set ^ant to say is that the team Srown out of schSol sometime during turn you down. That « their schooling days. The cause seems (again, you have to be careful). Ther S relXno “o SaUsm nor to retar- are variations to this theme and obvi- dation TsUms to be related to the ously .some very , succes£ul^ va« fact that the kid got bored m school; and he begins to mess around, and sure enough gets thrown out. Sometimes 20 Xjuvrclv > >$» Ghandy at Colaba outlet Daroga at Waikiki Super Snack Bar Daroga opened the Waikiki Coffee returns derived from the business were confident enough to start selling it at House next door to the snack bar, c,. t i------ i—i.;— x__ o--------- ‘=7 , , . . & . sending continental food and snacks. His plans for the future include a first- class, air-conditioned Chinese restau ­ rant above Waikiki Super Snack Bar, a supermarket on western lines, a franchise for icecreams, a new Waikiki in the suburb of Andheri is underway. ‘We will have four to five Waikikis ______ _______ ___ ______ __ this,’ declares Daroga whose icecream factories helped me to under- three ""5iiontirs'"\vilhour'Mlcs ¦ibition i‘ ----- ’ ' ’ J ' '' ’ ___ 2 __ anv. ¦ waa um Perlene 12, and his 9-year old“ son I also came across an excellent maga- able to sustain "mT^loTses ^by **seUing me a millionaire ’. ? not adequate. So I began looking for Swapna, a snack bar I had opened at new ideas for a business which would Gdwalia Tank. not require too much capital. Why I now, invested in a large sancha for not, I thought, go in for special ice- Rs 150 and started producing the ice­ creams, better than the run-of-the-mill cream at Gowalia Tank, trying out _ , . custard apple and fresh strawberry rhe first thing was to approach flavours. The new fresh fruit icecream major icecream producers to find out was a hit at Swapna though the snack more about the business. Going round bar itself, proved a failure. It ran, for . , J, 1 , ii,, , — — --------- iTiuiuui oaivS rising IS shared by his daughter stand the background of the business, beyond Rs 100 a day and I was only Porous who, he says, ‘plans to make zine. Icecream and Frozen Confec- ffie'icTOream To other private customer I got my big break at my club, the Willingdon. It agreed to stock my icecream and it went down very well icecream manufacture. with the other members, gaining me I purchased a small sancha (icecream much publicity for my product. A few churn) for Rs. 75 and began experi- months later, I began to supply Regal Zine, J tionery, the official journal of the Ice- as welt cream Alliance and the leading magazine of the British icecream industry, which gave me insight into I purchased a small sancha (icecream much publicity for my product. A few - churn) for Rs. 75 and began experi- months later, I began to supply Regal When I first began to experiment menting at home, working mostly by theatre whose owner, Dhanii Sidhwa y. - , . , ----- —-r — “ --------- 1 knew. This was a further boost to salt and kerosene; but my brother said Soon, I was able to keep out the salt the icecream ’s increasing ponularitv jt WQC T ifflz* raoli'r»in/> 4.1. _ :________________ 1 X _ . « -r • w --------- --- -------------- --------------------- T»**o OKZWXA lyvtpizijlxiK H w Ul' poor sense of taste, 1 gave it to all my the consistency was still unsatisfactory Waikiki snack stall at Breach Candy, friends, lhe consequences were of and the icecream, quite tasteless. Dis- Now that things were going well, couree, disastrous. appointed and feeling helpless, I went I received many offers for partnership ’ This Ignoble start fortunately, was around all the bookstalls of Bombay which I needed, as I intended to close things to come. In till I had collected many excellent books down Swapna and required a new place 1968, I had given up my job at a and journals on making icecream. I to manufacture the icecream from. I bank to set up busmess, manufactur- — - ing envelopes; however, it required i__________ ______________________ ............ immense effort and the pleasure and. icecream began improving and I was to spare’ at his business 'premises? m^ufacturing icecreams, it tasted of myself with the help of a servant. , -- ' _ ?, .« * a ‘*'^'**’ **xw xwvivuiii kJ XXA\zX VOikJXlAK it was excenent. Little realizing his and kerosene from the icecream but and I was soon supplying it to the pnnr camo a foefA T /vnwA ii- «!! »v.ti -xiii_________ x?_j?_ _x______ vmt m •« . « . ® friends, pie consequences were of and the icecream, quite tasteless. Dis^- ^so got in touch with the famous Taj teamed up with one of the partners of icecream shop at Bhindi Bazaar. The Waikiki, Nozer Daroga, who had space 31E. A. Chindhy DECORATIVE PAINTERS 4, East Street, > Poona-411 001. The icecream gained further popu ­ larity and we were able to set up stalls in many parts of Bombay. But in business as in anything else, it is rare that two will see eye to eye in every- thmg—a major problem in any partner­ ship. About a year later, I found it more expedient to leave the partner­ ship and be free to produce as 1 liked. To set up business all over again and to re-enter the market from scratch was extremely difficult and required an intense publicity campaign, from advertisements in newspapers to spon­ soring shows in the icecream’s now new name, Kentucky. Fortunately, the new icecream caught on within a month, and 1 soon, was able to get sales outlets all over. I have now introduced a refrigerated icecream van which travels to many parts of the city selling the icecream, and am now negotiating with sheikhs in the Middle East who have shown great interest in importing the icecream. However, inspite of the increase in business, to maintain the high quality of our product, my brother (and I) taste the icecreams daily! With Compliments from GLOBE THEATRES PVT. LTD. Established April 3, 1915 Controlling: 41 A Hundred Years Ago YESTERDAY evening a meeting of Parsees was held at the Allbless Baug, being convened by the trustees of the f^nchayet in response to a requisition signed by upwards of a thousand Parsees to commemorate the memory of the late Sir Cowasjee Jehangir, Knight, C.S.I., by recording his numerous charities and other acts of benevolence in the books of the Punchayet. About four hundred Parsees were present, and the chair was taken by Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, Bart. The chairman, in opening the proceedings, briefly referred to the charities and benevolent acts of the late Sir Cowasjee, and afterwards read a long memorandum relating to his benefactions to be recorded in the books of the Punchayet. Resolutions were passed adopting the memo­ randum, and requesting the trustees of the Punchayet Funds to insert it in the records. It was also resolved to forward copies of the memorandum to the mother, brother, and the adopted son of the deceased knight. Thanks were passed to the trustees of the charitable funds of the Parsees for convening the meeting to owners of the Allbless Baug for the use of their building, and to the chairman for presiding. Times of India of 6th October, 1978. REGAL BOMBAY X CAPITOL BOMBAY X GLOBE CALCUTTA X ROXY MADRAS 33World Congress Papers . The Zoroastrian Priesthood Dr. Ervad Peshotan F. Peer bl the Aryan culture and scheme of . ................ life the priest was always to play a Th© plight of the priests has conventionally been a subject of lengthy discussion but little action. At both the Second and T^ird and erudition, priests were highly World Zoroastrian Congress, the topic featured prominently; at the esteemed and ’ formed an influential Third Congress held in January, it was the first subject for discus- «'on of the society. In ancient Iran sion. That the uplift of the priesthood has been attempted so often l^gs themselves came from the without success, implies that the underlying causes are vast and ¦uy CloSSa The Zarathushtrotemo or the chief priest of the land was the most res- Parsiana carries abridged and edited versions of the three pect^ person in the king’s court, so papers read on “The Priestly Class—Its Present Condition and Ey persons aggrieved put^re Uplift” by Dr. Ervad Peshotan Peer, a Zoroastrian scholar ri^t to appeal to ZafaStrSemo ^nd panthaki of the Tata Agiary in Bombay, Peshotan Nargolwala, who had the power to reverse the a member of the ‘Working Group of Mobeds’ (a private group of judgement if he thought fit in higher social workers) and one of the joint honorary secretaries of the wisdom. Other hi^ offices of the state Third World Congress and Dr. Bouzardmehr Mehr, a member of Sri2t^cl^s^S^^l^T^eir°Lte^ the Iranian Parliament, a professor of pathology of the Teheran ^ity and competence, the tone of the Medical College and a person active in the affaip of the Zoroastrian administration remain^ lofty through- Community and anjumans of Iran. The session was chaired by out the tenure of the Zoroastrian kings Burjor H. Antia, a noted Bombay lawyer and the Rapporteur was in Iran. ’ ” , x-. , ., n• rr------- x When the Parsees had to migrate to India, the priest class kept up its high traditions and maintained the leader­ ship of the society. Time and again, ~reat priests arose in the community ‘‘ 1 names like Nairyosang Dhaval Meherji Rana are revered to this day. The priests rendered a selfless service to the community by copying the manuscripts of the Avesta, Pahlavi. Pazend and Sanskrit texts. Besides their priestly duties, for vears they conducted religious classes for the young. Thus they educated the Zoroastirians, particularly the sons of mobeds. With the spread of the British system of education in India, the study of our ancient religion and culture came to be neglected even by the priest class^ in general. It has also to be sadly admitted that the, behdins gradually grew less appreciative of the services rendered by the priests. Many of the talented members of the priest class were, therefore, attracted to other more lucrative professions. The priest class gradually became indifferent to the pro­ fession, so much so, that the practising priests hesitated to take their sons into lengthy discussion but little action. At both the Second and Third complex. Future Uplift” by Dr. Ervad Peshotan Peer, a Zoroastrian scholar the Iranian Parliament, a professor of pathology of the Teheran Ervad Godrej Sidhwa, an active member of the Karachi Zoroastrian community. € 35after year, with the result that the lar^e Whatever may have been our lapses in the past, ?®ntury. the ceremonies were ^rformed “ m the laitv s residence, as relimniis let us do honour where honour is due. after year, with the result that the large class must be raised. The elders of th numbers of yozdathregar mobeds in community should evolve certaii the whole of India has come down to schemes for the betterment of the clas such as a sut«tantial central fund t( which every Zoroastrian family woult about 65. Till the beginning of this . , ¦ • * 1 , _________ in the laity’s residence, as religious contribute every year; upward revisioi tenets were strictly observed by the ' ' ' laity. In those days the priests were paid very low charges for their services. For instance, two annas (12 paise) was paid for the afringan and fravashi, and one arma for the baj ceremony. It of rates for the various ceremonies^ benefits such as provident fund, medical and educational aids should bi extended. ’ Recently the Cama Athoman Insti-j tute has adopted a very commendable was an egregious fault on the part of practice to offer a handsome monthly] the .behdins that they underestimated stipend to the sons of the priests who the worth of the priestly class and paid may join the aforesaid institute an® their own profession and the sons were i reluctant to follow their fathers’ 1 ___ oc^pation. them so poorly. In fact, the beh^iins learn the priestly profession. Th^ Accordmg to Count Angelo de were in a position to pay suflheient scheme is that when a boy is admitted Uurernete, Ervad Dadabhoy Khursedji charges if tney wanted to. As such, to the Madressa, Rs. 100 will be depo- behdins are greatly responsible for sited with a bank every month in the^ amongst 48,000 Parsees in Boinbay.' year 1874) there are 865 priests the present, acute shortage of priests, joint names of the boy and the trustee, amongst 48,(W Parsees in Bombay.” For the various reasons, the laity When the student completes the course It IS estimated that now there are only then entrusted the ceremonies to their after about a period of seven years fl Aiit r.r.«cte 65,0CC pricito) ..ho per- and leaves the Madressa, then the ^arsee rwidents in Bombay and about formed the ceremonies in the fire amount accumulated would comet 'll T priests in the whole of temples. Looking to the present econ- more than Rs. 10,000. Thereafter, India. The fall in the number of omic condition, the amount received boy would be required to work as a about 250 priests amongst 65,000 panthakies (family priests) who 350 to whole of temples. Looking to the present econ- practising pnests is a cause of grave by the panthakies is quite inadequate priest for 15 years, at the end of whidi anxiety for the community. Indeed the to pay the assistants sufficiently. Under a sum of Rs. 54,000 will be handed very urgent basis. problem deserves to be tackled on a the circumstances the economic con­ dition of the priests is barely sufficient to cover daily necessities. ITie priests ............................. J was financial wherewithal. Another reason training for remaining a bachelor is the housing The Madressas In the beginning of this century it felt that there should be a t__2__ centre for the sons of priests in problem. Bombay and thus with the initiative of Dastur Dr. Darab P. Sanjana and Future Lpliftnient Mr. Jehangir J. Vimadalal, the Dadar The economic condition of the priestly Athoman Boarding Madressa was founded under the auspices of the Athornan Mandal in 1917. Though the Institution faced severe financial difii- culties and the trainees were in a limited number, they produced a good number of trained priests. In 1923, Seth Mehrvanji M. Cama, established the M. F. Cama Athoman Institute at Andheri by donating a princely amount of Rs. 25,00,000 to educate the boys of the priestly class. For the first two decades, a large number of trained priests set them­ selves up as (practising) priests. They were educated specially in Avesta Pahlavi, Iranian History etc. After World War II more doors of employment were thrown open in Bombay. The educated and intelligent sons of the priests were unwilling to continue their forefathers’ lofty pro­ fession and entered into other fields. It has been noticed from the records of the Cama Athornan Institute that the Institute brought out seven to eight qualified priests every year between 1955 and 1975. Hardly a few have adopted the priestly vocation. On the other hand old qualified and devout priests left (and leave) this world year over to the priest. Even after having completed the pre­ scribed course a new qualified entrant hesitate, to, get rnarried for lack of will definitely entail difficulty in obtain­ ing a fair livelihood while practising. It is necessary to extend a stipend to the new-comers. Besides, those priests who are highly educated in the religious subjects may be given a sum in appre­ ciation of their work. Praying before meals at Cama Athornan Madressa Photo Noshir Marker 36but he has to take birth in an athornan family. When our community as a The proliferation whole is dwindling, the prohlem is agtartCS did nOt ¦3 more acute when applied to the mobeds C - who constitute a restricted category a,riS6 OUt Ol tlie within the community. I classify priests into four functional categories—Ervads, Dasturs and Religious Scholars. The ervad is an athornan who has passed the basic navar/martab tests which qualify him to practice as a 1 spiritual needs of Yozdathragars, ParsiS. U't ^11181 J , I wiiiuu uuttuty xiiiii UM pxM-v/vxww e:- priest. He generally performs the pupils is 38. A third institution The Sir the S.S.C. curriculum. They also teach religious subjects. The number of afringan, fravashi, baj and satum Jamshedji Jijibhoy Madressa prepares ceremonies nmHiintp. anH nnst-ffraduate scholars in The yozdathragar belongs to a higher, more experienced and com­ petent category. He is capable of per­ forming the more difficult vandidad, nirangdin and yajashne ceremonies, apart from the ceremonies listed for ervads. There are only 15 ~ yozdathragars today in Bombay ___ approximately 30 in the whole of India. Dasturs are those to whom the anjumans or the priestly class have presented a ‘shawl’ on the basis of sterling services rendered. While it is a symbol of high, status in the priest class to be called a Dastur, the title J a mastery of the __ _____, ancient languages and specialised rituals. (Some people con­ sider only those who are the head priests of atash-behrams to be dasturs — -- ,— ., * —Editor). liferation of agianes and atash- Religious scholars are well qualified behrams in Bombay during the last 6 .... . centuries. At its peak the Parsi population in Bombay has been 70,000 not justifying the constiruction of 46 houses of prayer roughly one for ^vv.y 1.600 Parsis. Two atash- behrams are within 200 feet of each uvixvx. Li a square mile, there sue more than a dozen agiaries. The proliferation of agiaries did not arise out of the spiritual needs of the Parsi but was more often based on sentiment and Godly beliefs. Chalenge In olden days the priest had a deep- rooted faith in his holy vocation. vvxix.li nv. 1- ---5 invoke divine help and blessings. The behdins after the turn of the century, the faith of the behdins in the efficacy of prayers 11 ix.Hiiiv^o __ was greatly shaken owing to the spread The total of westernized, secular education. Over the last three decades, attempts were made to revive the faith in reli^on graduate and post-graduate scholars Avesta and Pahalavi. petent category. He is capable of per­ forming the more difficult vandidad. Places of Worship We have nearly 85 fire temples spread all over India, of which 42 agianes and four atash-behrams are in Bombay. pairs of Apart from the great reverence in ibay and which fire was held, our forefathers ^8 'j HI ' Priest Selling Sandalwood in Udwada The life of a priest is always the also presuppose life of penance and sacrifice. Before scriptures, a boy is qualified to practice as a " built fire temples to commemorate the memories of their departed ones; it was considered thrice blessed to donate an agiary; also one could build a fire temple at a cost of Rs. 50,000 only and the maintenance was negligible. Supporting the priest and his family was not considered a major financ^l responsibility for the donor or the trxistGCS But the reasons mentioned above, could not explain or justify the pro­ liferation of agiaries and atash- priest, he is called upon to spend years Arning the scriptures and the pres- cril»d ceremonies. If at the end of it all, he is left high and dry. it is quite understandable ll..'. attracted to tread this difficult path. It is heartening to find that the com­ munity has started to be aware of its responsibility towards the priest class. _ _ The Zoroastrian community in India ou£ scriptures.^ has faced many challenges in the past ' and has faced them bravely. The pro- b^m of the dwindling priest class may ifljtbe accepted as a challenge to the centuries. At its peak the Parsi that few will be persons capable of undertaking I this difficult path. It ing, preaching and indei»nde lUUVll AM ---------- • f justifying the constiruction ot 1,600 Parsis. a square mile, there sue out of the b^in of the dwin j^pbe accepted often based on sentiment and Education of Priests labie of undertaking teach- lent re­ search pertaining to the Zoroastrian religion. Ibey are specialists in ancient languages and scholarly students of every The yozdathragar and the dastur other. In is expected to lead a life of piety. His personal life has to be exemplary and in line with the hipest principles of community. personal purity laid down in our In every cultured community, a religion, section dedicates itself to acquire spiritual knowledge and wisdom so -- ---------- ------ , . that it may serve the higher needs of There are two basic teaching institu- the commmiity. Ihis section remains tions, both offermg residential accom- rooted ^^th in n s noi. well cared for and honoured by the modation, the Athornan Boardmg When he pray^ it was^ rest of the community. Whatever may Madressa at Da.dar and theM. F. C^a However, have been our lapses in the past. let Athornan Institute at Andheri. Tbe pray ___ us do honour where honour is due and Cama. uZin translate our sentiments in worthy acts year onwards, has stml^ of sacrifice by contributing our mite ’ ' ’ ’ ‘ to the cause of the amelioration of ------ — -- - .... , the priest class who has served us well number of pupils is 14, including four given Vzarathush.™, Sv Peahotan Nargolwala oriented curriculum, the Cama the conung generation m y The mobeds form a small part of Athoman Institute will find it difficult of prayer and be lef n Zoro^man the Zoroastrian community. A mobed to produce scholars, Athornan tenets is r^ ore problem has not only to be born a Zoroastrian, Boarding Madressa at Dadar follows a long way to mitigate tne prooiem 31 rest of the community. Whatever may Madressa at Dadar and the M. F. Cama have been our lapses in the past, let Athornan Institute at i • ‘ ' Cama Athoman Institute from tins oriented curriculum which replaces the standard S.S.C. course. ’ the 9th and 10th standards. applies. However, it may be noted here, that owing to the mobedi- oriented curriculum, theL' of mobeds. A behdin, who understands • the principles of his religion, is the best guarantee for the success of the mobed profession. When we left Iran 1,400 years ago an athravan, Dasturan Dastur Nairio- sang Dhaval was our leader. In the centuries to follow, the athravan guided the destinies of the community through a multitude of vicissitudes. When occasion demanded, the athravan sacri­ ficed his flesh and blood for the survival of our religion and our community. Today when we are asked to repay this age old debt to the athravan, let us make it our bounden duty to do so. Dr. Bouzardmehr Mehr First of all, we must pay attention to what our definition of a “Priest” is. In my opinion it is insufficient to say that a priest has only the function of performing rituals. Priests should have sj^glucational function. They should i^i^pected not only to perform cere­ monies but they should guide members of the community in ethics and morals. Every intellectual Zoroastrian is inte­ rested in knowing the theological con- cepts and would like to seek explana- economically tions regarding certain ideas and j Ic in ideologies that the religion propounds. OepreSSeClj IS, 111 The priests must find a vocation in 1 a religion, and not treat it merely as ® ’ one of the ways of making a livelihood. respected. towns where priests are lacking, we are understanding Performing jashan ceremony in the new literature that needs to be produced and compiled for disseminat ­ ing the knowledge of Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrians outside India and Iran find themselves isolated in the midst of a large number of diversified cultural influences. It may be suggested that for some children, it would not be a bad idea if any individual or indi­ viduals, who have a deep grasp and ance concerns the salary of priests, towns where pnests are lacking, we are understanding of Zoroastrianism, The priests and their families should obliged to provide and train assistants volunteer as teachers in their spare be safe-guarded. If we neglect to con- to substitute priests, in order to per- time so that our children do not feel sider the priests and their families now, form vital rites. If the priests in India lost in an alien country, because they we will deprived of any priests in consent, we can use them in Iran for have not had the opportunity of know- the future. In Iran, there are many various religious ceremonies and train- ing and understanding their religion, cases where the children of priests ing purposes. Fortunately, the condi- have become successful professionals tions of society in Iran offer an oppor- in various fields, but naturally, they tunity for Zoroastrian priests to live c^BPOt carry out their duties as priests, comfortably and prosper. . can state that a priest who is The cultural heritage of a people —Comically depressed, is, in general, can only survive if it be transmitted little respected. We have an obligation from generation to generation. Over to teach the new generation to respect the centuries, however, the oral trans­ priests, and those people who assist mission of religion has dwindled to the in religious ceremonies. If poverty reading of a few prayers, which are and disrespect are a part of b«x>ming difficult to comprehend. Most families a priest, certainly no one will desire are only able to recite a few prayers, to fulfill this vocation. and explain Zoroastrianism in terms There are in Iran a few young of Good Thoughts, Good Words, and Zoroastrians of priestly families from Good Deeds. This transmission is so India, in different fields of work. As weak in content, that it leaves behind they are qualified priests, they are of an intellectual vacuum and a cultural great help to Zoroastrian families in lag or gap, which must be filled if the Iran, performing various duties of Zoroastrian cultural heritage is to priests, and also conducting religious survive in the modem world, classes for the young and old. All this Zoroastrian scholars, theologians and they do after their daily work, and on priests must come together to produce holidays. I have found they are greatly adequate literature in the languages respected by all. Of course, this is known to the younger generation, “helpful ” for a town where there aren't Research on Zoroastrianism must be any priests available, but it is not the carried out, and the findings of this solution to the problem. In cities and research must be carefully incorporated A priest who is The second topic of utmost import­ ice concerns me salary of priests. c»|n< ccon( to substitute priests, in order to per­ form vital rites. If the priests in India _____________________ ______ _ __ consent, we can use them in Iran for have not had the opportunity of know- Teacher and Pupil at madressa Photo N. Marker 39 1 t ’IBOOK REVIEW Minns into Plus Jogeshwari by train, returning home “Joining the prestigious Presidency after a full day’s work, pushed and College, Calcutta, he graduated and Out of th© Night, by Banoo S. jostled by the uncaring throng. But went on to do his M.A. and his LL.B. Tarapore. Th© National Association back home, he never sits idle. He is side by side, attending the M.A. classes For the Blind, India, 86 pages. Out of The Night is the story of 40 blind people who, despite their handicaps have demonstrated their ability to “turn a minus into a plus ”. _________ We publish below the story of two HrisVoU oflife, fulFoffunViid loves ------- ...--------------------------------- c, such people from the book written by hold long conversations with the stint at his former school in Narendra- Banoo S. Tarapore. i “Feroze Kaikana, Packing Depart- time to think of others in trouble and course of the Perkins Teacher Train- merit, Tata Mills, Bombay. Valiant has donated his blood to the blood indeed is his spirit, as great in inverse proportion to his diminutive height which is perhaps a little above 3 ft. for though Feroze Karkaria is blind, deaf and crippled he has stood up squarely to the blows of fate. “Feroze entered the world with his two legs joined together. When he was five, a major operation set him on his feet, but the weight of the encasing plaster was so excessive that it affected his hearing and caused him to be stunted for life. Walking remains for him a major exertion. “As if this was not enough, in his teens he lost his vision, first in one eye due to a cataract and later in the other due to a flying cricket ball. “He had elementary education at St. Helena’s School, Pune, upto the second standard after which he attend­ ed a class for the blind, run by two English ladies. Here he picked up r s ............................... ¦ he joined the Pune School for the 1" ' ¦ „ * ¦ ¦ • ______ ing plastic bags and undertook orders down, he is definitely not out! from friends and neighbours. “Then in 1957 he joined the M. N. Jogeshwari by train, returning home jostled by the uncaring throng. But went on to do his M.A. and his LL.B. > busy making plastic bags, very often in the morning, and the law lectures just to present to friends and acquaint- in the afternoon. He studied through- ances. out on scholarships and he states with “He refuses to be overwhelmed by legitimate pride that his father did not his misfortunes as any one would be have to spend a single paisa on his . . 1. -J-... .1----- education. “Next, after a three year teaching to hold long conversations with the stmt at his former school in Narendra- help of his hearing aid. He even has pur, Cawas appli^ fo£ the diploma ing Programme, U.S.A. His interviewer, bank. All of which goes to show that Dr. Waterhouse, was highly impressed, and he was selected for the year 1970- 1971 and given a Fullbright travel grant to cover his passage both ways. “At Perkins also, Cawas achieved excellent grades and he decided tQ.;3Q in for the M.Ed degree course as To meet the heavy expenses, he applied for a scholarship to the Institute of International Education. This he could only get on the recommendation of the head of his department and the con­ sent of the Indian government. Whilst the former was given in glowing terms the O.K. from the government took three long months to come. By that time Cawas was , in dire financial straits and found it very sticky going. In desperation, he applied for smaller loans from two or three other places, and waited and waited. When the money came, it came from all sides, and did he splurge! English Braille and music. Later oh »^ansana. never si» mie. return home he married Bina whom he had courted for ten long blind, learnt caning of chairs and weav- though Feroze Karkaria is certainly years. She is a doctor with the Govern­ ing plastic bags and undertook orders down, he is definitely not out^ ment Family Planning Programme, and from friends and neighbours. “Then in 1957 he joined the M. N. Banajee Industrial Home for the Blind at Jogeshwari, Bombay, where he re­ ceived more elaborate training and to the top in whatever he has under- , , , _ s . t ’ ’ ; ’ - ’ “In 1959 Feroze got a job in the barrier to him in any way. Today he is even with one handicap, let alone three. Karfearia: ‘never sits idle ’. they now have a charming little tqcl' dler, Yasmin. “Looking for a job, Cawas joOa “Cawas Tambofi, Principal, Govern­ ment School for Blind Boys, Delhi. “You can’t keep a good man down, and Cawas Tamili has always risen the Delhi Branch erf the National As^- taken. Blindness, he says, has been no Officer, where he remained till 1974. ciation for the Blind as Executive where he has been living ever since. “In 1959 Feroze got a job in the barrier to him in any way. Today he is “His present post he secured Tata Mills at Dadar in the packing a Central Government Grade I Officer, through selection on merit by the and folding section on daily wages. Principal of the Government School Union Public Service Commission, He makes around Rs. 400/- a month, for Blind Boys, under the Directorate from all candidates interviewed. He is He is a conscientious worker and ac- of Social Wdfare, Delhi Administra- the principal administrator-in-charge of cording to Mr. S. N. Roy, the Per- tion. the entire school, including the boarf- sonnel Manager, his work is entirely satisfactory. Mr. Roy says that it is his experience that blind workers are in no way inferior to their sighted col­ leagues, in fact they are often much better. As if to prove his point, Feroze kept back home for some years. He desire to devote* his time to pure, won the award for the best physically made up for lost time by gaining voluntary welfare work, God willing.” handicapped employee of 1967-68. double promotions at the Calcutta Those wishing to acquire a copy of “How much this reflects to his credit Blind School, Behala, and passed out the book can do so from The National is clear when you stop to consider the from the Blind Boys Academy, Association For The Blind, Revenue amount of effort daily required of him. Ramakrishna Mission, Narendrapur, Unit Finance Raising Committee, He reports to work all the way from in the first grade. Bldg. No. 3, Office No. 1, 13th floor. a Central Government Grade I Officer, tion. the entire school, including the board- i “A bright, intelligent boy, he had ing and hostel supervision and the i to use all his persuasive powers to ac^emic training of the students. j convince his parents to let him con- “Cawas is determined to clim*_ _ ‘ tinue his education after his failing high as he can go. And one day, when ' vision was first detected, and he was he has made his pile, it is his sincere ‘Cawas is determined to climb as 1 40ie Navjeevan Society, Lamington Road, keeping non-Zoroastrians away from Bombay-4(X) 008. Phone 893388. There the body after the sachkar is attributed is no price but donations are accepted, to “the simple reason. . . .that the Zoroastrians have. . . .been through purificatory ceremonials”, which of course are denied to the others; “and any thinking reasoning non-Zoro- astrian” is expected to be convinced of ‘The Original Emissary of God’ Discourses on Zoroastrianism by Ervad Godrej Dinshawji Sidhva : published by the author from th^ necessity of hjs exclusion. Dinshaw Villa, 71-72 Cyrus Minwala - - Colony, Mahmoodabad, Karachi 29, Pakistan, pages 107. out an understanding of the prayers or In the preface the author emphasizes the significance of the ceremonies, the ¦ book is instructive. The author observes that his labour “. . .will be regarded as well rewarded if (the book) enables the reader to obtain some elementary For the Parsi Zoroastrian who has faith, but who goes through the rituals of the faith in a mechanic^ way, with­ out an understanding of the prayers or JEENA & COMPANY ESTD. 1900 T that for man to live as man, the trans­ cending need is religion, and ‘the first need of religion is faith.’ The book is a product of the author ’s abiding faith in the teachings of Zoroaster, ’the knovyledge of our religion and cere- original emissary of God . f O monials.” Judging by this criteria the book serves its purpose. Need Contacts? All About Contact Lenses by Dr. Keiki R. Mehta, Jaico Publishing House, Bombay, pages 112, Rs. 7.50. Everything you always wanted to know about contact lenses but didn’t ask or found your optician didn’t have time to answer, you can now read about in Dr. Keiki R. Mehta’s book. Titled “All About Contact Lenses” the 112 page paperback by the noted Ophthal­ mic Surgeon presents in a readable, easy to comprehend, question answer format information for those who wear lenses and those who wish to wear them. Aside from the routine hard lenses and the more recent “soft” lenses, Mehta also refers to the permanent wear lenses which can be worn upto three months at a stretch, 24-hours a e day. And the science of orthokerato- , logy whereby the spectacle number can »li : double promotions reduced by shaping the front cur- book covers a wide field with vature of the cornea is explained. At the end of the book Mehta lists some do’s and don’ts for those consi- chapters on the life and teachings of Zoroaster, the navjote, marriage, fune ­ ral and other ceremonies and customs, dering contact lenses such as: purchase such as the more esoteric Yazishna and the best lenses you can afford; select Vendidad. Some of the chapters are your practitioner carefully; do not ex­ reproductions of the author ’s speeches pect instant results as the “success of a —on occasions such as the birthday well-fitted lense is a happy marriage celebration of Zoroaster—and therefore between curvature and power va.riable necessarily of a limited scope in cover- of your eye and a contact lense;” and ing the subject. look after lenses well. Over a third of the book is devoted __________________________ to the three contemporary religions of . the early but.now forgotten Zoroastrian Rasnitl D. BainanDGni'aiH era, — Mithraism Manichaeism — Ma^akism, with a final erudite chapter on Ancient Iranian Literature. The book is replete with references to texts in explanation of the cere­ monies, but there are portions which Khareghat Colony, 30A Hughes Road, seem to justify customs merely because Bombay 400 007. of the ancient lineage. The custom of _ ------------------------------------ Professional Photographer for Photos of Weddings, Navjotes and Birthday parties. Contact: Flat No. 3, First Floor. No. 6 Wadia Block, IATA AIR CARGO Clearing, Forwarding Warehousing and Insurance Agents 10, Veer Nariman Road Fort, Bombay-1. Cable: 'Justitia' Telex: 2313 PHONE: 312032 Branches: E. Merc House 19/B, Shakespeare Sarani (Formerly Theatre Road) CALCUTTA 16 Phone: 444711 'Jeena House,' 50, Hanuman Road Connaught Circus NEW DELHI PHONE: 310821 41 I i ! IVehement Virtuoso BOYS’ TOWN Kaikhosru Son^| who holds the record for "the longest non- repetitious piece for piano ever composed," as noted in the Guiness Book of World Records was featured in the London Sunday Times of June 2, this year. We carry below a text of the article. Kaikhosru Sorabji, the 85 year-old fair attendance." viOiat we h^dTaUied On Tuesday at the Wigmore HaU he chose a daunting programme con­ sisting of a brisk, brilliant, extro­ verted account of Bach’s Goldberg Variations, followed by Sorabji’s manuscript Concerto per piano senza orchestra per suonare da me solo (1946) to give the work its full title as set out in Grove. There was much curiosity and a ___i__ ___ _ __Z Parsee composer who has lived for roughly in texture and style, with what many years in strict seclusion in we had expected to hear, but strangely Dorset is music ’s self-creat^ mystery contradicted in detail the pianist ’s ac- man. Fifty years ago he enjoyed some count of the unknown work printed celebrity as a composer of vast, com- in the programme. So far from “be- a intellectually and technically ginning with a silence” and embracing g works, mainly for piano of in its course the equivalent of “a very in the programme. So far from “be- I! •1 Public School Nasik 2 CHOICE SCHOOLING FOR YOUR SON Recognised as a Public School by Department of Education —^for Merit Scholars. Excellent Climate—All-round Edu- cation: Indian which once in a while he would give descriptive orchestral” silence (what- public performances that showed his ’ own virtuosity to be fully equal to thar demands. He made a second reputation as Mr. Solomon’s scintillating perfor- what is called a “trenchant” critic, mance—began before the applause writing mostly in the New Age and had quite subsided and continued for the New^ English Weekly, sometimes some 35 or 40 minutes in a virtually with insight and eloquence, especially unbroken torrent, a ceaseless pounding, about the special objects of his enthu- cataract of pianist bravura. siasm (Busoni, Reger, Medtner, Szy- it was not nonsense; the music was manowski and others who lie slightly evidently the work of a great virtuoso to one side of the beaten track of (for such frenzied yet sustained bril- classical tradition) and invariably in a Hance could hardly have been other- vein of dogmatic superlatives, whether wise conceived), and even of a musi- l^datory or hostile. Two volumes of cianly thinker—in that the harmonies his reprinted criticism have appeared, and figurations that scudded past in “Around Music ” (1932) and “Mi the whirlwind seemed logical and Contra Fa” (1947) the latter has a pointful, in so far as they could be subtitle “The Immortalisings of a grasped. But how far was that? For '' "hiaveUian Musician ” which con- short spells die result was exhilarating; ! the quirky and somewhat musty after a while the vehemence of the -Jvour of his provocative prose. music became self-defeating, like the Before long Sorabji not only with- letters of a friend who underlines every drew from active musical life, but im- second word. posed an absolute veto on “any The listener, never granted more proposed public performance under than a moment’s respite and rarely any circumstance ” of his music, and that, becomes bemused by the sheer even on its further publication. The rush and multitude of notes and is re­ music world thought of him as a com- duced to a kind of a rustic gaping, bination of Timon of Athens and a Those who have written admiringly of less jovial Miller of Dee—that worthy Sorabji’s earlier works opine that they who cared “for nobody, no not I, and exhibit an Oriental mind expressing nobody cares for me.” itself in terms of modem European Somebody, however cared enough musical technique (the composer is about tins remarkable man to penet- m fact of mixed ancestry) but in this rate his hermitage and overcome his (Concerto without Orchestra I could ingrown suspicions of the outside detect little that was specifically world. This was the young and bril- Oriental except the profusion of liant South African pianist Yonty ornament and indifference to time Solomon who in due course received scale. Sorabji’s permission to play his music and has already done so more than once. iptive orchestral silence (what­ ever that phrase may mean) and (by way of a second movement^ “a frag­ ment of nocturne ” the music —in Farming—T rain- Self-Government Zoroastrian— I ^cl ]^o All Academic Subjects — Technical Subjects : Radio and Wood-Work Tech­ nology, ing in through Elected Boys' Office-bearers, Games— Physical Training—Daily Assembly with Congre­ gational Prayers—^Weekly intensive Geeta—Koran classes— Excellent Modern Kitchen and Dining Room facilities —-Airy Dormitories . Mode­ rate Fees. SUBSTANTIAL CONCESSION AND FREE- SHIPS OFFERED TO DE­ SERVING Any help from Social Workers welcome regard­ ing recommendations and admission of boys. STUDENTS. APPLY TO THE MANAGING TRUSTEE P. N. Mehta Education Trust Cooks Building, 324 D. N. Road Bombay 400 001 or to the Principal. Submitted by Geeta Doctor 43